Which of the following is a common adverse effect of non-dihydropyridine CCBs?

Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are often used in the management of hypertension and certain cardiac conditions such as angina and atrial fibrillation. These agents work by inhibiting calcium influx in the cardiac and smooth muscle cells, which leads to a decrease in heart rate and contractility. One of the well-known adverse effects associated with non-dihydropyridine CCBs is bradycardia, which refers to a slower than normal heart rate.

This occurrence is particularly significant in patients who may already have compromised heart rates or conductance pathways, such as those with sick sinus syndrome or those on concomitant medications that can also lower heart rate. When considering the action of non-dihydropyridine CCBs, it's clear why bradycardia is a common effect; by reducing the heart's calcium entry, these medications decrease the heart's automaticity and conduction speed, particularly in the atrioventricular (AV) node.

While peripheral edema, hypotension, and dizziness can also occur with non-dihydropyridine CCBs, they are more commonly associated with dihydropyridine CCBs or can occur due to other mechanisms unrelated to the specific pharmacodynamics of